different number of neutrons in their nuclei with the identical number of protons.
Some isotopes are unstable due to a specific combination of neutrons and protons
which occurs naturally or can be artificially produced by bombarding the target
atoms with neutrons in a nuclear reactor or with charged particles in an accelerator.
These unstable nuclei attain their stability by emitting nuclear radiations such as
neutrons, alpha particles, beta (positron/electron) or gamma rays and are termed as
radioisotopes, while the term radioactivity is used to describe these spontaneous,
energy emitting, atomic transitions that involve changes in the state of the nucleus of
an atom. Radioactivity was discovered by A. H. Becquerel in l896 when he was
investigating the fluorescence of a double sulphate of uranium and potassium, using
a photographic plate. Marie Curie coined the word radioactivitè, investigated this
property in a number of minerals containing uranium, which she found to be more
active and subsequently polonium was discovered. Readers are referred to read
more in NCRP Report No.58, A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements and
Procedures.
Radiation from radioisotopes plays a very important role in all fields, useful in our life
such as soil and earth science, radioactive dating, environment, archeology,
agriculture, biochemical analysis, radiotherapy and cancer treatment, medical
diagnosis, nuclear medicine, biological sciences, sterilization of medical products, nondestructive
elemental analysis and testing of materials, oceanography, pharmaceutical,
radioisotope power systems for space applications and many more.
Part 1 Radioisotopes and Radiations in Bioscience 1
Chapter 1 Medical Radioisotopes Production: A Comprehensive
Cross-Section Study for the Production of Mo and Tc
Radioisotopes Via Proton Induced Nuclear
Reactions on natMo 3
Chapter 2 Use of Radioactive Precursors for Biochemical
Characterization the Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids in
Intraerythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium falciparum 27
Chapter 3 Radioisotopes and Nanomedicine 47
Chapter 4 Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects 67
Chapter 5 Radioisotopes in Drug Research and Development:
Focus on Positron Emission Tomography 93
Chapter 6 Application of Radioisotopes in Biochemical Analyses:
Metal Binding Proteins and Metal Transporters 115
Chapter 7 Undesirable Radioisotopes Induced by Therapeutic
Beams from Medical Linear Accelerators 127
Chapter 8 The Use of Radioisotopes to Characterise
the Abnormal Permeability of Red Blood
Cells from Sickle Cell Patients 151
Chapter 9 Boron Studies in Interdisciplinary Fields
Employing Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs) 173
Part 2 Radioisotopes and Radiology in Medical Science 197
Chapter 10 Production and Selection of Metal PET
Radioisotopes for Molecular Imaging 199
Chapter 11 Radiolabelled Nanoparticles for Diagnosis
and Treatment of Cancer 225
Chapter 12 3-Dimensional CT Lymphography in Identifying
the Sentinel Node in Breast Cancer 249
Chapter 13 Nuclear Medicine in the Imaging and
Management of Breast Cancer 259
Chapter 14 Axillary Reverse Mapping in Breast Cancer 273
Chapter 15 Lymphedema: Clinical Picture,
Diagnosis and Management 289
Chapter 16 Targeting the Causes of Intractable Chronic Constipation
in Children: The Nuclear Transit Study (NTS) 305
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